A comparative study of four fluid-solid coupling methods for applications in ground vehicle mobility

Motivated by the desire to investigate vehicle fording scenarios, we analyze four frameworks for the simulation of the fluid-solid interaction problem. While all of these approaches rely on a general multibody dynamics simulation framework that supports impact, contact, and constraint, they differ in (i) the fluid representation; (ii) the simulation methodology; and (iii) the fluid-solid interfacing mechanism. The first approach relies on an explicit-implicit, Lagrangian-Lagrangian (LL), solution to the coupled Navier-Stokes and Newton-Euler equations of motion. The fluid momentum and continuity equations, dv dt =− 1 ρ ∇p+ μ ρ ∇2v+ f (1)